Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an Organization

Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an OrganizationQ. (a) how do individual discordences and environmental factors influence homo behavior in an government? Justify your answer with examples.(b) A manufacturing comp wholly making automotive split finds that workers working on the conclave line wee poor attendance, open for home early and argon gener wholey unproductive. They argon in force(p)y organised and resist any attempts by anxiety to discipline them. If you ar the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative focus and quality circles.organisational BehaviourIs a field of study which explores the meeting that individuals, groups and structures have on doings within organic laws for the purpose of applying such intimacy towards improving organizations effectiveness.Importance of Organization behaviourOB is going to develop the cause-and effect relationship to modify behavio ur for organisational involve. Here no two benignant macrocosms will behave in an identical manner. OB seeds to explore certain consistencies in behaviour, in order to promote a rational pick uping of behaviour and some degree of predictability.Approaches in Organizational BehaviourFactors Influencing adult male BehaviorIn order to address pitying factors in workplace condom settings, mickles capabilities and limitations must first be understood. The current working environment is very different to the settings that mankinds have evolved to circle with. The fol deplorableing human characteristics that loafer lead to difficulties interacting with the working environment.Attention -The innovative workplace can overload human attention with enormous amounts of in organisation, further in excess of that encountered in the natural world. The way in which we collar information can help reduce demands on our attention, but can some clock create further problemsPerception -In order to interact safely with the world, we must correctly perceive it and the dangers it holds. represent environments often ch every(prenominal)enge human comprehension systems and information can be misinterpreted.Memory -Our capacity for remembering things and the methods we impose upon ourselves to access information often put undue pressing on us. Increasing knowledge nigh a subject or process all in allows us to retain more information relating to it.Logical ratiocination -Failures in reasoning and decision making can have dread(a) implications for complex systems such as chemical plants, and for tasks like maintenance and planning.Environmental, organizational and chore factors, in brief, influence the behavior at work in a way which can affect health and safety. A ingenuous way to view human factors is to think slightly three aspects the individual, the job and the organization and their impact on peoples health and safety-related behavior.Following figures show s that all three ar interlinked and have mutual influenceThe typical examples of flying causes and contributing factors for human failures ar given to a lower placeIndividual factorslow skill and competence traintired staffbored or disheartened staffindividual medical problemsJob factorsillogical be after of equipment and instrumentsconstant disturbances and interruptionsmissing or unclear instructionspoorly well-kept equipment naughty workloadnoisy and unpleasant working conditionsOrganisation and management factorspoor work planning, leading to high work pressure drop of safety systems and barriersin becoming responses to previous incidentmanagement based on mavin-way colloquysdeficient co-ordination and responsibilitiespoor management of health and safetyPoor health and safety culture.It is concluded that the performance of human is being strongly influenced by organizational, regulatory, cultural and environmental factors affecting the workplace.For example, organization al processes defecate the breeding grounds for many predictable human errors, including inadequate communication facilities, ambiguous procedures, unsatisfactory scheduling, insufficient resources, and unrealistic budgeting in fact, all processes that the organization can control.What is Perception?How we view and interpret the events and situations in the world about us.FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTIONPerception is influenced by mainly three sets of factorsi) Factors in the observer ( commentator variables)ii) Factors in the target (subject characteristics)iii) Factors in the situation (situational variables).Factors in the perceiver let in following issuesSelf-concept of the perceiverAttitudes of the perceiver causes of the perceiverInterests of the perceiverExperience of the perceiverExpectations of the perceiver.Factors in the target include following issuesPhysical appearanceverbal and Nonverbal CommunicationStatusOccupationsPersonal characteristicsNovelty of the target executi on of the targetSounds of the targetSize of the targetBackground of the targetFactors in the situation include following issuesSocial contextOrganisational roleWork settingLocation of eventTime.Collectively, these three sets of factors determine our perceptions about some otherwises.(b)A manufacturing company making automotive parts finds that workers working on the assembly line have poor attendance, leave for home early and be generally unproductive. They atomic number 18 fully unionized and resist any attempts by management to discipline them. If you are the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative management and quality circles. motiveMotivationThe process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of efforts towards attaining a goal. demand + Droves + IncentivesTypes of motives uncreated motivesSome motives are un learned physiologically based such motives are terme d as physiological, biological, un learned or primary motives.Ex Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, Sex, Avoidance of Pain, maternal ConcernGeneral MotivesNumber of motives, which can neither, be classified as primary, or secondary that can be referred to as general motives. Motive must be unlearned but non physiologically oriented.Ex Curiosity, Manipulations, Activity Motives, Affection motives, Love, Concern, Feelings.Secondary MotivesQuite a few Copernican human motives fall in this category. The important motives of Power, achievement, and affiliation are all secondary motives. leadLeadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group towards, the attainment of pre-determined goals.Traditional Theories of LeadershipTrait TheoriesDifferentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on individual(prenominal) qualities and characteristicsExtraversion has strongest relation to leadershipConscientiousness and Openness to Experience in like manner strongly related to leadershipAgreeabl eness and Emotional Stability are not correlated with leadership.Behavioral TheoriesBehaviors can be taught traits cannotLeaders are trained not bornMaslows Need HierarchySelfactualization Needs egoism NeedsSocial Needs or Belonging and love and partiality call forSecurity NeedsPhysiological Need or grassroots NeedsAccording to Maslow, certain concepts are relevant for understanding the ineluctably. They are pre-potency, deprivation, domination, gratification and activation. Pre-potency is the strength associated with the require.Physiological ineluctably have greater pre-potency. lack is the perception of an obstacle for satisfaction of a necessity. Thus, deprived postulate has high pre-potency. Domination is attaching importance to a need. A deprived need dominates the individual. In order to reduce dissonance associated with the deprivation, individuals try to gratify by labor some action. Therefore, gratification is the satisfaction of the need. Gratified need does n ot dominate. At the end, activation of need determine motivation. Need satisfaction activates the needfully from one level to next higher levels. Maslow believes that these repeat as a round of drinks until the highest level need is meet. Based on the concept Maslow identified basketball team categories of needs and their role in motivating individuals. They are described below1) Physiological NeedsBasic and primary needs necessary for human existence are physiological needs. They relate to biological and are required for preservation of basic human aliveness. These needs are Identified to the human organ in the body. They are finite needs. They must be satisfied repeatedly until human beings die. They are not associated with money alone. They are hunger, thirst, sleep, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. The proposition relating to the basic needs is that they are primary motivators to any individual and once they are satisfied, they no longer motivate. The next level need becomes important for satisfaction until the basic need is dormant. Provision of adequate monetary pays to satisfy these needs motivate employees in organisations.2) Safety NeedsIndividuals seek protection from natural environment, biological danger, economic deprivation and unrestrained threat from other beings and animals. For this purpose, he wishes security for himself. The protection may be in the form of seeking a shelter and forming into primary groups to engagement threat from the natural beings. The motivational proposition are that the safety needs dominate as soon as physiological needs are satisfied, and after individual seeks to satisfy fairly the security needs they do not motivate him. In order to motivate employees, organisations provide bash benefits, health and accident insurance, housing loans, etc.3) Social Needsfundamentally individual is a social being. He cannot live in closing off and silence. Thus, he intends to establish relationship with other human b eings and some times wish to rear animals. Social needs emerge from the basic draw of individuals to associate, belong with others, make friendship, make companionship, desire to be accepted by others and seek affection. These needs are secondary in character. The propositions relating to social needs are that these needs are satisfied by symbolic behaviour and through physic and psychic contact with others in the society. They are intimately infinite and exist until the end of human life. Organisations should provide scope for formation of informal groups, encourage working in teams, and provide scope for interpersonal communication, interpersonal relationships and interpersonal understanding to motivate employees.4) Esteem NeedsMaslow believes that people seek growth. They have natural desire to be identified and see by others. This instinct is called as toy with. Esteem needs are associated with self- adore and esteem from others. The need for power, self respect, autonomy, s elf confidence, achievement, recognition of competence, knowledge, desire to have freedom, status and secure attention of others, appreciation are some of the esteem needs individual wishes to satisfy. Maslow identified them, as higher order needs. The nature of esteem needs is that they are dormant until basic, security and social needs are fairly satisfied. Satisfaction of esteem needs defecate a feeling of self-confidence, strength, capability and adequacy in the individuals.5) Self-actualization NeedsSelf-actualization is transformation of perception and dream into reality. Individuals have inner potential to do something different from others. Realising the full inner potential, one wishes to become what he is capable of becoming. Attaining to the level of issue of selfactualization needs is a difficult task as individuals are not clear about their inner potentials until an opportunity is perceived. Moreover these needs reassign with a change in human life. The intensity of self-actualization changes over life cycle, vary from person to person and environment.The following propositions are made about the motivation of individuals based on the Maslow hierarchy of needs.i) Five needs are classified into lower order needs and higher order needs. patch physiological, safety and security needs are lower order needs, esteem and self actualization needs are higher order needs.ii) lower berth order needs are satisfied externally and higher needs are satisfied internally.iii) Individuals start satisfying lower order needs first and proceed to satisfy higher order needs later.iv) No need is fully satisfied during the life period of individuals. A need easily satisfied no longer motivates.v) A need when substantially satisfied produces satisfaction and it becomes dormant. Immediately the next level need becomes active. So Individual is continuously motivated to satisfy unsatisfied needs. So, motivation is a continuous process.vi) Satisfaction of lower order ne eds does not produce contentment. In fact, they produce discontentment to satisfy other needs.vii) Not all individuals have the same priority to satisfy the needs. Priorities differ from unsophisticated to country and from situation to situation.viii) Individuals are aggressive in the satisfaction of basic needs and unconsciousness demands the satisfaction. However, they use social consciousness in the satisfaction of other needs.Maslows need hierarchy theory of motivation was considered logical and simple to understand human motivation. The theory has received attention of practicing managers as they feel that appointment of needs of employees provides an insight to motivate them. This theory suggested that giving same reward more than individuals desire will have diminishing marginal utility. This has particular significance to the practicing manager.Leadership Human BehaviorAs a leader, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others whose support you nee d in order to accomplish your goals. To ca-ca their support, you must be able to understand and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, you must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature.Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators.Characteristics of self-actualizing peopleHave better perceptions of reality and are well-fixed with it.Accept themselves and their own natures.Lack of artificiality.They focus on problems outside themselves and are concerned with basic issues and eternal questions.They like privacy and tend to be detached.Rely on their own development and continued growth.

Issue of Tuberculosis in Australia

Issue of terabyte in AustraliaThe relative incidence and prevalence of tebibyte in Australia and Peru be of greatly vast differences. This newsprint will address the terms incidence and prevalence wherefore terabyte remains an issue in Australia and provide rationales for differences in incidences and prevalences victorious into attachment the determinants of wellness.Incidence and prevalence when describing disease epidemiology are frequently used terms, frequently intertwined (Advanced nephritic Education Program, 2015). Incidence describes the govern of new cases of a disease, princip every last(predicate)y conveyed as the number of new cases which occur at a inclined point in time (Advanced Renal Education Program, 2015). The incidence station is super acidly reported as a fraction of a race at risk of developing a disease (ie per 100 000) ( universe wellness Organization world(a) tuberculosis Programme). Whereas prevalence is articulated as a percentage of t he number of cases per 100 000 ( human wellness Organization Global Tuberculosis Programme). preponderance is the actual number of live cases of the disease during a full point (Advanced Renal Education Program, 2015). The association between incidence and prevalence depends on the natural history of the disease being reported ( health, 2017).Tuberculosis (TB) is 1 of the worlds deadliest diseases, with 1/3 of the worlds population infected (Centre for disorder Control and Prevention, 2017). TB is an infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and usually affects the lungs (Australia, 2017). However, TB may also involve the kidneys, bones, spine and brain (Australia, 2017). TB is usually go around by breathing in the bacteria after an untreated somebody has coughed or sneezed (Australia, 2017). Overcrowding is a defining feature of areas of high TB endemicity (Centre for disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Ongoing close contact between active cases and liab le(predicate) individuals is necessary to maintain endemicity in a population, however we will discuss health determinants further into this paper.Australia has maintained a low rate of TB since the mid-1980s, however over the last(a) 20 years TB incidence rates view steadily increased (Teo, Tay, Douglas, Krause, Graham, 2015). Australia has recorded its highest incidence rate since 1985 in 2011 being 6.2 per 100, 000 (Teo et al., 2015). In 2015 Australias TB incidence was 6 per 100, 000 per the World Bank (Trade Economics, 2017). When researching the prevalence of TB in Australia World health arrangement (WHO) publications noted TB case notifications to the value of 1 254, this being the analogous rate as per new and relapse cases (World health Organization, 2015).The incidence of TB in Peru shows a much more alarming story. Perus TB cases were last measured in 2015 with an incidence rate of 119 per 100, 000 (World Health Organization, 2015). Research obtained from World Ban k stating these incidences were recorded from new pulmonary, smear positive and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases (Economics, 2017). Prevalence information obtained at this time reads TB notification cases of 30 988 (World Health Organization, 2015). Total new and relapse cases registered were reported to be that of 29 833 (World Health Organization, 2015).With Australias TB incidence rate increasing, the question is why is this an issue right away? Research shows that many of Australias holiday destinations are teeming with TB that is straightway becoming resistant to drug word (Dunlevey, 2015). Holiday makers such as teachers and childcare workers are reported to be travelling to TB hot-spots and many bringing the bacteria to Australian shores (Dunlevey, 2015). Research has also shown that those living in high TB prevalent countries are migrating to Australia ((AMA), 2008). With the increases in immigrants, overcrowding and malnutrition are common risk factors for the spread o f TB (Australian Indigenous Health Info Net, 2015). Australias shoreline is another(prenominal) factor for the increase in TB rates with Western obligation of Papua New Guinea and Torres Strait Islands having recorded active strains of Multi-drug resistant strains of TB ((AMA), 2008).TB remains to be a kindly disease that is inextricably linked to vicious cycles of poverty (Wingfield et al., 2016). Poverty predisposes individuals to TB and hidden be associated with even free TB treatment can be blasting (Wingfield et al., 2015). Other determinants of health that can predispose populations to incidences of TB may include, alone are not limited toIncome and hearty status research shows that high income and social status can be linked to better health outcomes.Education poor health can be linked to start out education levels, increasing stress and lowering self-confidence.Physical environment practiced water and clean air, along with healthy workplaces and safe lodging all cont ribute to good health outcomes. Generally, those people who are employed are healthier.Social hold out networks better health outcomes have been linked with communities with great support from families and friends. Culture and beliefs of family and community can have an overall execution on ones health.Genetics can play a role in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses.Health run penetration and usage of services that prevent and treat diseases influences health.Gender diametrical types of diseases at different ages can affect both men and women.The determinants of health are typically accountable for health inequities and the unfair and avoidable differences in health status as seen between Australia and Peru (Hargreaves et al., 2011). Social disadvantages such as lower educational attainment, job uncertainties, unemployment and poor access to appropriate housing (Hargreaves et al., 2011). Poor access to communications and environm ental challenges also concern on health status (Hargreaves et al., 2011). Research has shown that although Perus malnutrition and school enrolment rates have improved, there is still a majority of poor children who temporarily or permanently drop out of school to help support their families (Agency, 2017). Poverty, malnutrition, and aridness is known to increase the susceptibility to infection leading to significant social and economic barriers that delay their contact with health systems in which an appropriate treatment regime can be commenced (Hargreaves et al., 2011). With this research found, the author can not state that Australians are better-off than the Peruvians. Non-indigenous Australians living in Metropolitan areas have significantly greater resources at their disposal, housing and schooling is of higher quality, and health and support systems easily accessible (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012). However, indigenous Australians and those living in rur al and remote areas of Australia do not have the same access as their city cousins (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012). The determinants of health therefore impact on the ability to access, resource, and utilise health care programs (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012).As discussed, the incidence and prevalence of Tuberculosis in Australia and Peru have been shown to be of great differences. While this paper discussed the terms incidence and prevalence why Tuberculosis remains an issue in Australia and provided rationales for the differences in incidences and prevalences while taking into consideration the determinants of health.REFERENCE LIST(AMA), A. M. A. (2008). Tuberculosis in Australia. Retrieved from https//ama.com.au/media/tuberculosis-australiaAdvanced Renal Education Program. (2015). Incidence and Prevalence. Retrieved from http//advancedrenaleducation.com/content/incidence-and-prevalenceAgency, C. I. (2017). World Fact Book Peru. Retrieved fr om https//www.cia.gov/ library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.htmlAustralia, D. o. H. W. (2017). Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http//healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/TuberculosisAustralian Indigenous Health Info Net. (2015). Summary of Tuberculosis in Indigenous People. Retrieved from http//www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/infectious-conditions/tuberculosis/reviews/our-reviewAustralian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2012). Australias nutrition nutrition 2012. Canberra Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Tuberculosis (TB). Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/Dunlevey, S. (2015). Tuberculosis disease explodes in Australians favourite holiday spots, WHO report shows. Health.Economics, T. (2017). Incidence of Tuberculosis Peru. Retrieved from http//www.tradingeconomics.com/peru/incidence-of-tuberculosis-per-100-000-people-wb-data.htmlHargreaves, J. R., Boccia, D., Evans, C. A., Adato, M., Petticrew, M., Po rter, J. D. (2011). The social determinants of tuberculosis from rise to action. Am J Public Health, 101(4), 654-662. doi10.2105/AJPH.2010.199505Health, N. I. o. M. (2017). What is Prevalence. Retrieved from https//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/index.shtmlTeo, S. S., Tay, E. L., Douglas, P., Krause, V. L., Graham, S. M. (2015). The epidemiology of tuberculosis in children in Australia, 2003-2012. Med J Aust, 203(11), 440.Trade Economics. (2017). Incidence of Tuberculosis Australia. Retrieved from http//www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/incidence-of-tuberculosis-per-100-000-people-wb-data.htmlWingfield, T., Boccia, D., Tovar, M. A., Huff, D., Montoya, R., Lewis, J. J., . . . Evans, C. A. (2015). blueprint and implementing a socioeconomic intervention to enhance TB control functional evidence from the CRESIPT project in Peru. BMC Public Health, 15, 810. doi10.1186/s12889-015-2128-0Wingfield, T., Tovar, M. A., Huff, D., Boccia, D., Saunders, M. J., Datta, S., . . . Evans, C. (2016). Beyond pills and tests addressing the social determinants of tuberculosis. Clin Med (Lond), 16(Suppl 6), s79-s91. doi10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-s79World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Programme, W. G. T. Global tuberculosis control WHO report (pp. 15 volumes). Geneva Global Tuberculosis Programme.World Health Organization, W. (2015). Global tuberculosis report. In G. T. Programme. (Ed.), (pp. volumes). Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organisation.

International Students And Global Education Sociology Essay

International Students And Global Education Sociology set astir(predicate)There is a widespread recognition and belief that our increasingly connect and interdependent globular society mandates that students be educated to develop habits of the caput that embrace tolerance, a commitment to coope ration, an appreciation of our common worldity, and a instinct of responsibility. The internationalistic students atomic number 18 the emerging leader of tomorrow. instinct globular issues is scathing to the students across the ball-shaped as they endeavor to promote democratic principles and neighborly justice, improve our stinting competitiveness, and provide leadership in the future. However, not copious is being done in public schools and classrooms to expose students to global issues. inquiry shows that most American students lag behind their peers in separate countries in their acquaintance of human beings geography, foreign languages, and cultures ( National Geogra phic-Roper, 2002). Our curriculum must brook a paradigm shift recognizing that in order to be rattling globally competitive our teachers must be globally competent. Educating young muckle to become global citizens will al slump them to learn around the interdependency of the worlds systems, believe that solutions to global challenges atomic number 18 attain able-bodied, and feel morally compelled to confront global injustices and take obligated for(p) action to promote a just, peaceful and sustainable world. If we truly aspire to founder a world-class education that connects and sees that what we do pushs other humans in the world, we must engage with the world. The challenges that side of meat the world to mean solar day-from global p everyplacety and climate change to financial systems and conflict-require globally-minded solutions (OMeara, 1997). Knowledge of these skills is demand so that young stack can invent a future that appropriately addresses global challen ges.These young international students must gain global competence in addressing international issues as well as gaining the faculty to break down with flock of diverse cultural backgrounds. Teaching for global nexus should be grounded in the personal experiences of the student and her/his community. Teachers must be able to help students to connect global issues with daily vivification experiences. According to Ryan and Durning (1997) students ought to ensure the impact of their daily consumption (and garbage) on the lives of other people and places in the world the consumption of coffee, reinvigoratedspapers, t-shirts, shoes, car, computer, hamburger, french-fries and cola ar traced from their origins through the inequities of the production bear on to the consequences of waste products. Teachers must approach global education from variant perspectives, says prosperous Merryfield, associate professor of hearty studies and global education at The Ohio narrate Universit y. For examplesome teachers have the rationale that, in order to compete in a global economy, students need a global perspectivebut others loss to sour the world a better place in monetary value of the environment and social justice. Still others want to promote cross-cultural sagaciousness. apiece of these is a valid approach, says Merryfield, as long as teachers emphasize quaternate perspectives and global interdependence (Rasmussen, 1998, p.2).Teachers also need to have the competences they argon assay to teach students. Our college preps do not prepare teachers to be globally competent. Understanding global issues makes teachers to a greater extent apt to guiding students in the global challenges that face their countries of origin. Given the fragile state of the world and the train of continued destruction, more emphasis should be given to preparing students to become stewards of the earth and participants in country for global social justice. Authentic education oc curs when students from diverse cultures act as and work together, especially when they have equal status and collaborative goals that have content in their lives (Johnson Johnson, 1992). Global educators find ways to emergence their students experiences with people different from themselves through work with international students from local universities, immigrant organizations in the community, service learning projects, exchanges through e-mail or videos, and taking students everywhereseas (Wilson, 1993). In a 10th grade world history, a unit on the center of tutelage East, some teachers may motivate students by presenting exotic images-such as the harem, polygamy, tumefy dancing, Arab sheiks, and camel races-and may fail to challenge students comments that stereotype all Arabs as supporters of act of terrorism or all Arab women as having hardly a(prenominal) rights. But Global educators, however, purposefully address stereotypes and challenge the exotic images and mis perceptions that students bring with them into the classroom. They develop littleons to replace misinformation with experience of the complexity of cultures, cultural conflicts, and global issues. To begin a unit on the Middle East, for example, a global educator asks students to brainstorm what they know about Muslims, Arabs, and the Middle East and then immediately addresses common misperceptions. When students confuse the wrong Arab and Muslim, the teacher helps students map where Arabs live and introduces primary sources for students to differentiate diverse Arab cultures and the Muslim world (Said, 1997). Said (1993) ideas on how Europeans constructed the Orient can help students recognize the exotic images of the Middle East in popular media, entertainment, and textbooks, and distinguish them from the materials that people of other countries have posted on the profits and what local Egyptian, Lebanese, and Iranian students say about their lives back home. In increment an appreciation of the complexities at heart other cultures, students learn to challenge sweeping generalizations, misinformation, and stereotypes.Global ChallengesSustainable festering and climate changePeople all over the world are struggling with riddles of a magnitude no other generation has faced. take down in the most affluent nations, one million million millions of people suffer from hunger, homelessness, and unattended health problems. Sach (1995) opines that wars, civil conflicts and invasions take the lives of millions more. Global changes in the climate are creating pure(a) local weather conditions, destroying lives and keeping. Well intended projects continue to despoil the attain, body of water and air ( Sach, 1995 p.7). Millions of tons of hazardous waste softend by industrialized countries are exported to non-industrialized areas of the world without regard to the health and environment consequences. Jacobson (1991) says that over three zillion pounds of pe sticides a year are used globally causing human poisonings, harm to fish and wildlife, livestock losses, groundwater contamination, destruction of natural vegetation, and more pests disgustful to pesticides (Jacobson et al, 1991, p. 45). Deforestation, soil erosion, destruction of habitat, extinction of species, and depletion of aquifers are but a few of the legion(predicate) attacks on our planet. art object natural resources are stripped from the earth, cutting species are genetically engineered by corporations for profitability and monopolized through complex international patent laws with few constraints for releasing them into the environment. According to Shiva (1997) ancient knowledge of plants and animals, and even human genetic material, are stolen from indigenous peoples and used to generate wealth for a few while the cultures which generated the knowledge are decimated. As these examples demonstrate, human rights and environmental issues are clearly intertwined.A coun try exchangeable Kenya is a prime example of not providing an economic infrastructure to meet the subsistence needs of the communities in the northern part of the country and creating man do famine. Countries with hungry people export grains or feed them to livestock for export. Millions of jobs are eliminated by technology or runaway factories as CEO salaries skyrocket. While the United Nations ratified a Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, more than 250 million baberen are forced into labor (Sanders, 1997). Enormous resources are wasted on the production of guns and weapons of mass destruction as social programs and education funds are drastically reduced. Projects to solve one problem have created other problems. McMichaels (1993) observes that dams, viewed for decades as creating clean energy and providing irrigation, are responsible for destroying the means of subsistence for millions of people who are forced to relocate their homes (McMichaels, 1993 page 36). mo dify the natural flow of rivers, these dams flood millions of hectares of arable land, create conditions for water born(p) diseases and prevent fish from spawning. Aquaculture, heralded as the answer to declining fish and shrimp populations, is despoiling the habitat of other species.The primacy of profit maximization over all other values is the core of both social and environmental problems. Nations and nature are being restructured to meet this primary goal, not to meet the needs of unexceptional people or to ensure a sustainable environment. The problems created are global, with consequences for many different countries and communities. For example, when U. S. companies move plants and jobs to other countries to take advantage of cheaper labor, they leave economic devastation in local U.S. communities and undermine the existing economies in the new locations. At the same time, they take advantage of less stringent environmental policies in other countries that allow them to p ollute more alleviately or to use chemicals banned in the United States. Sometimes, these chemicals return to consumers in the U.S. in the imported products. Global problems necessitate going beyond national borders to encompass the concept of global citizenship. By learning how global issues affect one-on-one and community lives, how and why decisions are made which affect the planet and life on it and, most importantly, means by which the future can be influenced, global education can prepare students to become socially responsible international citizens.The empowerment of womenEmpowerment of women has been one of the strongest drivers of social evolution over the past century, and many argue that it is the most efficient strategy for addressing the global challenges in this chapter. Only two countries allowed women to vote at the beginning of the 20th century today there is virtually universal suffrage, the average ratio of women legislators worldwide has reached 19.2%, and o ver 20 countries have women heads of state or government. patriarchal structures are increasingly challenged, and the movement toward gender equality is irreversible.With an estimated control of over 70% of global consumer spending, women are strongly influencing market preferences. Analysis shows a direct interdependence amid countries Gender Gap Index and their fighting Index scores and that Fortune 500 companies with more gender-balanced boards could outperform the others by as much as 50%. Yet the Gender integrity Index 2010 shows that significant differences still sojourn in economic conflict and political empowerment.Gender stereotyping continues to have negative impacts on women around the world, and although go along is being made on closing the gender paste in terms of establishing global and national policies, real improvement will unaccompanied be achieved when conflicts between written laws and customary and religious laws and practices are eliminated. environme ntal disasters, food and financial crises, armed conflicts, and forced displacement further increase vulnerabilities and generate new forms of disadvantages for women and children.Women account for over 40% of the worlds workforce, earn less than 25% of the wages, and represent about 70% of people living in scantness. An OECD survey found that women spend more time on undischarged work than men do worldwide, with the gap ranging from 1 hour per day in Denmark to 5 hours per day in India. FAO estimates that giving women the same assenting as men to agricultural resources could reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17%, or 100-150 million people. Child malnutrition levels are estimated to be 60% above average where women lack the right to land ownership and 85% above average where they have no retrieve to credit. Microcredit institutions reported that by 2010, nearly 82% (about 105 million) of their poorest clients were women. However, many of their businesses are too small to transform their economic status, points out FEMNET.Empowerment of women is exceedingly accelerated by the closing gender gap in education. close to countries are reaching gender parity in primary education, and 50% of university students worldwide are women. Yet regional disparities are high, and UNESCO estimates that women represent about 66% of the 796 million adults who lack basic literacy skills. Although the health gender gap is closing, family planning and maternal health remain critical. Determining the size of the family should be recognized as a basic human right, and more attention should be given to womens health and social support for affordable child care worldwide, including industrial countries, which are facing demographic crises due to low fertility rates. Of the more than 500,000 maternal expirys per year, 99% happen in developing countries, with the highest prevalence in Africa and Asia due to high fertility rates and namby-pamby health care syste ms. Unless providing effective family planning to the 215 million women who lack it is seen as a key component of information, the UN goal to reduce maternal deathrate to 120 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2015 will not be achieved.Regulations should be enacted and enforced to stop female genital mutilation, which traumatizes about 3 million girls in Africa each year, in addition to the 100-142 million women worldwide bear upon by it today. While the prevalence of this in Egypt, Guinea, and some parts of Uganda is at over 90%, communities in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and even in the EU are also affected.Violence against women is the largest war today, as measured by death and casualties per year. While the proportion of women exposed to physical violence in their liveliness ranges from 12% to 59%, a function of region and culture, sexual assaults remain one of the most underreported crimes worldwide, continuing to be perpetrated with impunity.According to UNODC, 66% of the v ictims of the $32 trillion global industry of human trafficking are women and children. The Protocol to Prevent, smash and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, has 142 parties and 117 signatories thus far, but it has yet to be adopted and enforced by some key countries.Female pic increases during conflict, when sexual violence is often used as a weapon. retrieval from conflict and disaster should be used as opportunities to rectify inequalities. Nevertheless, women make up only 8% of peace negotiators, and only 25 countries have developed National Action Plans supporting UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on womens protection in conflict and participation in peace processes. tighten the gap between rich and poor?The world needs a long-term strategic plan for a global partnership between rich and poor. Such a plan should use the strength of free markets and rules based on global ethics to combat poverty. Conventional approaches to poverty reduction (techni cal assistance and credit) that work in low- and middle-income stable countries do not work in fragile countries, which need stability first. Ethical market economies and systems require improved fair trade, increased economic freedom, a level playing field guaranteed by an honest judicial system with devotion to the rule of law and by governments that provide political stability, a medical prognosis to participate in local development decisions, reduced corruption, insured property rights, business incentives to comply with social and environmental goals, a healthy investment climate, and access to land, capital, and information. Direction from central government with relatively free markets is competing with the decentralized, secern private enterprise for lifting people out of poverty (Hersh and . Paterson, 1994 pages 93-94)An alternative to laborious to beat the brain drain is to connect people overseas to the development process back home by a variety of Internet systems. According to UNDP, if the WTO eliminated agricultural export subsidies, developing countries would gain $72 billion per year, according to UNDP. Structural imbalances in world trade have to be corrected to assure fair competition, respect of human rights, and labor and environmental standards, as well as efficient management of the global cat valium and prevention of monopolies. Chinas monetary policy adjustments could help other countries economic development and access to world markets.International students must be exposed to these issues and cranny possible solutions in a project oriented instruction. Also as a resource, the native students from these countries provide a rich understanding of how the issues affect their lives. Australia has set up a recruiting structure that gives international students scholarships with a subscribe to that these students will work in Australia for five years after beginning before returning to the mother country. Relationships are being dev eloped to nourish cooperation and understanding. The case study of such programs would enhance students understanding of international connectedness as international students. They can learn that the human experience is an increasingly globalized phenomenon in which people are constantly being influenced by transnational, cross-cultural, multi-cultural, multi-ethnic interactions. It is therefore important international students begin developing a deeper understanding of the worlds economic, social, and political issues.

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Issues in the UK and US

familiar Harass custodyt in the employment depicted objects in the UK and USWhy it Remains a Pervasive Issue inthe coupled States and the European coalition Unsolicited cozy curse, speci entirelyy toward women, has been a serious and harrowing loose all(a) near the knowledge base for centuries. Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of1964 in the unify States defines informal molestation as unwelcome advances,requests for versed favors, and other vocal or visible conduct of innernature that create offensive or contrary environments (1964, 3). This includes all instance of verbal anguish, molestation, infraction, etc. that violate the victims dignity keep goingcreating a hostile, humiliating, or degrading environment (European buildfor Gender Equality). informal badgering has taken some shapes and forms by dint of unwrap news report but one fact remains, women atomic number 18 exploited and discredited sequence their harassers be more than a lot unaffected. W omen establish non been professional personperly represented and advocated for at heart their respective countries and theirvoices cause been inhibit. They sport not had a chopine to advocate forthemselves as well as others because most of the beat, their accusations argonignored, discredited, and they atomic number 18 forced to hide their pain and suffering.Boththe join States and the European trades union yield laws and legislative assembly in placethat prohibit institutions, worry schools and studys, from having any genderdiscrimination and encourage the protection of womens rights. Additionally,countries in the EU curb ratified linguistic rule such as the pattern on theElimination of in compare Against Women (CEDAW). However, these measures score been ineffective because on that point is a complete(a) lack of principle of theselaws and conventions and no superviseing of how they are be implemented.Sexual molestation evaluate rise steady in both(prenomi nal) these regions as over sixtypercent of women in the US and EU piddle been innerly harassed in their keeptime(Clarke 2007, 1) and something must be through ab proscribed it. Thankfully, testimonies,particularly from the past few years, permit sparked the creation of drivingsthat confuse light on the horrifying instances of internal torture of women roughly the demesne and expose the individuals behind such abominable acts.Widespread proceedings, such as MeToo and quantifys Up affirm given victims a connection to heal and a voice through which they fucking combat internal badgeringboth in and discover of the defecateplace. There would not be a need for movements likethese if harassment and dishonor were not a prominent surface. Sexual harassmentremains a pervasive issue in both the unite states and the European Unionbecause, level(p) with conventions, laws, and legislature in place, the lack ofregulation, limited monitoring of implementation, and an absence of national mention leave victims alone in their fight. Sexualharassment comes in umpteen different forms and comprehending them is the firststep toward under acheing the magnitude of this issue. By comparing how boththe United States and the European Union define sexual harassment, we idler beginto analyze the inner piddleingss of each country in regard to sexual harassment.Cases of sexual harassment are always unsolicited and unwelcome according tothe United States Equal Employment Opportunity citizens committee (EEOC). Moreover, the European Institute for GenderEquality defines sexual harassment as a form of gender based violence includingacts of un indispensabilityed physical, verbal, and non-verbal conduct, which drive home the groundsor effect of violating the victims dignity while creating a hostile ordegrading environment (EIGE 1). A call word used in the definition of both theUS and the EU is unwelcome. The word unwelcome emphasizes the victimsdiscomfort and feelings of entrapment. However, it is not the same as automatic because a victim may throw away agreed to certain things beforehand realizingit was offensive or potentially dangerous. The main difference between these cardinal interpretations is their focus. The US centralizes on the act of sexualharassment while the EU concentrates on the results. Additionally, in that location are deuce main distinctions of sexual harassment that apply to both the EUand the US. The first is the private sphere. This level enlarge sexual abuse in thehome or private life of an individual. A believe conducted by QuinnipiacUniversity revealed that fifteen percent of women who confirm been sexuallyharassed and/or abused said it happened at home. (Frederick, 2) People often get out that some instances of harassment occur within the victims homesbecause most cases of sexual despoil occur in the second sphere, the habitualsphere. This form involves instances of verbal harassment, sexual advances,molestatio n, rape, etc. that occur in the general company (RAINN). as well includedin the public sphere is sexual harassment in the workplace. United States lawrecognizes two kinds of sexual harassment within the workplace, lot pro quosexual harassment and hostile work environment. Quid pro quo involves anemployee that has to tolerate and endure sexual harassment in exchange foremployment, a promotion, a raise, etc. Hostile work environment, as defined byUS law, is an offensive work environment that hinders an employees performanceas a result of sexual harassment in the workplace (Title VII). On the otherhand, the EU does not recognize different forms of sexual harassment in theworkplace and uses a general definition. This is a huge part of the problembecause the lack of distinction and recognition generates apathy and peopleforget that sexual harassment in the workplace is an entirely different issueon its feature. The impactof sexual harassment on survivors is severe and can range from depression and anxiety to posttraumatic stress ail (PTSD). Victims can grow to fear physical and sexualconduct and annul leaving their homes (Thomas, 143). According to Equal RightsAdvocates, a womens law meat in the US, one in four women, between the agesof 18 and 35, have been sexually harassed in the workplace. This is only astatistic those who have account sexual rape and, sadly, many women hidetheir pain and suffering out of fear. Additionally, this ratio gets slimmer asthe women get older. The likelihood of women experiencing sexual harassment inor out of the workplace gets higher the older they are. If a study wereconducted on women ages 18 to 75, the ratio would be closer to one in twowomen.95 percent ofthese women suffer from debilitating stress re meets including anxiety,headaches, residual disorders, weight loss or gain, depression, and fear ofphysical/sexual contact, as mentioned earlier (Equal Rights Advocates). Furthermore,the EuropeanUnion bureau for Fundamenta l Rights (FRA) concluded that round 90 millionwomen in all EU Member States have experienced at least one form of sexualharassment since the age of 15. That means that almost 60 percent of women havebeen sexually harassed. These statistics prove that having ratified aconvention such as CEDAW has elfin to no effect on harassment and assault ifthere is no implementation and hard-set guidelines. Sexual harassment has adisheartening effect that hinders women from maintain themselves within theworkplace. Among men, it reinforces the stereotypical view of women as objects.Extreme sexual harassment creates hostile or intimidating work environmentsthat cause women to quit their jobs and tone for another one or it discouragesthem from gather upking jobs altogether. Women are also acrophobic to speak out about theissues theyre facing because they do not want to lose their jobs but if itgets too intense they feel as there is no other option but to quit. For most ofAmerican and European history, women quietly endured mistreatment andharassment in the workplace, with little to no protection or way out. By the 1920s, workingwomen were advised to quit their jobs if they cannot handle sexual advances(Hill, 2). These traumatized women, some of which are single mothers, losetheir source of income because their voices are silenced and they cannotadvocate for their rights. Moreover, sexual harassment at work can have majorconsequences not only for the victim but for other working women who witnessit. Like the harassed individuals, women try not to draw too much attention tothemselves to avoid being sexually harassed as well. This hinders them fromperforming their best because they do not want to stand out, even if it meanssacrificing potential promotions, raises, acknowledgements, etc. (Webb, 52)These women are exploited and mistreated because they have no one to fight forthem as laws against sexual harassment both in the US and the EU are notadequately enforced. TheConven tion on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is aninternational treaty that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in1979. It outlines discrimination against women and calls for national action toend gender based discrimination, harassment, and violence. Additionally, itrequiresStates Parties to legislate provisions, programs, policies, and strategieswhich prohibit sexual harassment in all spheres. The United States was one ofthe first signatories on the convention but still has not ratified it. The USclaims there are laws and regulations already in place that achieve what CEDAWmeans to accomplish, one of them being Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of1964. It aimsto carry away sexual harassment in schools and workplaces. The goal of theSexual molestation Policy, which is in effect at all schools and workplaces, isto provide an environment free of sexual harassment, intimidation, and exploitation. However, it has not worked effectively as sexual assa ult and harassment rates are steadily change magnitude. Onthe other hand, countries in the European Union, such as France and the UnitedKingdom, have signed and ratified CEDAW. After confirming the convention, segmentstates are essential to meet a series of conditions to end discrimination ofwomen in all forms. This includes assimilating gender equality into their legalsystem, abolishing discriminatory laws and adopting appropriate ones,establishing public institutions, etc. To monitorthe implementation of CEDAW, the deputation on the Elimination of Discriminationagainst Women was set in place by the UN. It is comprised of 23 independentexperts from around the world that conduct observations and proposerecommendations to state parties. However, these observations are few and furtherapart and the recommendations are not heavily enforced. The committee alsorequests that reports be sent in every few years from all member states thathave ratified CEDAW yet many do not comply. If a country does not send ingeneral reports of how gender equality and anti-sexual harassment laws arebeing enforced, the UN does not take any action. These countries are still consideredto have ratified the convention even if they are not adhering to the guidelinesset forrad by the UN. I wanted to evaluate whether there is a correlationbetween the rates of sexual harassment and ratification of CEDAW. I concludedthat there is no correlation between the two because the United States andcountries in the European Union have the same rates of sexual harassment andassault. On average, oversixty percent of women in the US and EU reported they have been sexuallyharassed in their lifetime and sexual harassment rates have been steadily increasingin both these regions (Clarke 2007, 1). This all leads back to the lack ofappropriate exercise and reinforcement, for both CEDAW and other legislaturelike Title VII, that leaves victims and survivors of sexual assault un defendwhile the perpetrators get away with their crimes. Furthermore, theunwillingness of national governments to in good order implement and fully adhere toregulations concerning sexual harassment in the workplace causes this issue toremain pervasive. Sexualharassment in the workplace is zip new and has been an agonizing issue forcenturies, but it has seen a vast prosper of attention and recognition recentlyas celebrities, citizens, coworkers, and others use their platforms to advocatefor the rights of women around the world. The prevalence of workplaceharassment led to the creation of groundbreaking anti-sexual assault andwomens empowerment movements such as MeToo and epochs Up. These movements, like manyothers, would not be necessary if sexual harassment were not an issue or if itwere properly addressed by national governments and institutions. Celebritieshave stepped up and accused Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who havetaken advantage of their positions and sexual harassed women, such as Ha rveyWeinstein, Louis C. K., and Kevin Spacey. Countless women have spoken out aboutharassers, specifically Harvey Weinstein whose scandals triggered a series ofallegations against similarly goodly men around the world (Rodino-Colocino, 97). These events provoked thecreation of the MeToo movement, a stand against sexual harassment,specifically in the workplace. It started in the United States on social mediaas a hashtag under which women would share testimonies about their personalexperiences with sexual assault, harassment, and rape in the workplace or aprofessional setting. It provides a community of healing and lets victims andsurvivors know that they are not alone in their pain. Celebrities are looked upto and their seemingly perfect lives are envied. The MeToo movement isextremely powerful and shift our view of Hollywoods elites. Their courage toopenly and so vulnerably share their experiences with the world gives womenhope. Through their stories, we can also see that fame and fortune does notgrant you a perfect life. Celebrities go through pain, discomfort, and fearjust like anyone else and this shows women that they can let their voice beheard as well. Victims in European Union countries have ready their voice justas Americans through many powerful womens declarations. The movement wentviral in October of 2017 and exposed the widespread prevalence of sexualharassment. Since then, MeToo has spread to over 200 countries and women in everycommunity, big or small have the courage to speak out and advocate for their professrights (Edge, 22). In responseto the MeToo movement and the Harvey Weinstein scandal, the convictions Up movement was founded in January2018 by Hollywood celebrities. Additionally, many A-listers have assisted inthe creation of the Times Up Legal Defense Fund. The farm animal provides legalsupport, defence, and advising to victims of sexual harassment, assault, orabuse in the workplace. As of February 2018, Times Up has raised 20 mill iondollars for its legal defense fund. It has also gained over 200 volunteerlawyers who are going to work directly with victims to ensure their rights are protected(Chu 2018, 16). When you visit the Times Up website, the first thing you seeis a quote that reads, The quantify has run out on sexual assault, harassment,and inequality in the workplace. It is time to do something about it. Thisperfectly exemplifies the goal of the movement. The time is up on silencingwomen and protecting abusers. It is time to make a change and take matters intoour avouch hands since governments refuse to acknowledge theseverity of sexual harassment and do something about it (Times Up Now).However,the MeTooand Times Up movements have caught plenty of negative backlash. Many men and, surprisingly,even women argue that these movements are unnecessary. Their claims range fromattention seeking to geting an extremist liberal agenda. The individuals whopush back are not educated on the goals these movements . Many individuals haveclaimed that MeToo and Times Up are only ways for women to get more attentionand fame by falsely accusing others. People in opposition claim that sincethere is no proof of the assaults, other than womens testimonies, how can theybelieve them? Additionally, men argue that accusations make male workers andexecutives have to avoid women in the workplace completely. They claim there isno discourse between males and females unless it is directly related towork and this can hurt their work performance (Rodino-Colocino, 98). Nevertheless, the opposition tothe movement has only given women a big reason to fight for their rights andprotection. There will always be antagonists but victims and supporters aredoing their part to lift their voices, especially for women who are teared downand silenced. Additionally,the MeToo and Times Up movements have made their way across the pond,literally. What started in the United States has made an impact all over theglobe as more t han 200 countries have been actively facelift awareness andimplementing the goals of these movements into their own communities (Edge, 22). The celebrities that have shown their support for thecause, such as Angelina Jolie, Natalie Portman, Justin Timberlake, SebastianStan, and many others, have utilise their platforms to advocate for an issuethat is not only current in the United States but it applies all over the worldincluding Europe. The global reach of these movements is massive and shows thatwomen refuse to be silenced and cast aside, rather we will commix our voices andspeak out for those who cannot. An example of the expansive influence of TimesUp and MeToo is the creation of British versions of them. British media andthe entertainment industry have had a surge of simmering issues that leavewomen feeling hopeful of purposeful change. European celebrities, includingKierra Knightley, Emma Watson, and Daisy Ridley, are speaking out and demandingaction. By the end of January , the British Times Up initiative had gained thesupport of over 50 internationally acclaimed women (Chu 2018, 16).They are uniting under this cause andincreasingly raising their voices in a post Harvey Weinstein age. Variouscelebrities have reflected the support of Americans by wearing all black to theBAFTA ceremony much like celebrities who wore all black to the Oscars and theGolden Globes.These effects aremirrored in mingled countries in the EU and the resulting awareness is causinga change of forceful proportions. These movements have been able to achieve whatnational governments and legislature have failed to do. They have given allwomen a hopeful voice and have protected and defended them in the face ofinjustice and sexual harassment. I believethat there are many changes that could be implemented in both the United Statesand the European Union to lower the rates of sexual harassment in the workplaceand, eventually, eradicate it. First, the United Statesshould recognize the fl aws and failures of its laws to fully protect women anderadicate sexual harassment in all spheres. They should take necessary measuresto ratify CEDAW and enact legislative provisions that ensure the safety ofwomen in and out of workplaces. There should also be proper punishment measuresset forth for the perpetrators, such as termination of employment and prisonsentences where necessary. Too many harassers get away with their crimes andthey must be stopped. I believe that the US should also allocate funds toorganizations, foundations, and movements like Times Up and MeToo thatproperly identify harassers and provide defense for the victims of sexualassault. Next, countries in the European Union that have ratified CEDAW shouldregulate and measure the extent of implementations within their respectivegovernments and institutions. I believe that EU countries would also benefit fromrecognizing sundry(a) forms of sexual harassment rather than relying on a generaldefinition. Additionally, t he Committee on the Elimination of DiscriminationAgainst Women under CEDAW should recruit more members to monitor application ofthe convention into law. They could also revoke the member states benefits ofratification. If they have not made an effort to implement policies and nochange is detected, they should not be able to say they ratified theconvention. In conclusion, the prevalence andpervasiveness of sexual harassment in both the United States can be attributedto their lack of regulation of these laws and conventions and the absence ofimplementation monitoring. Even so, the creation of movements such as Times Upand MeToo have aided in representing for the victims of sexual assault andgiving them a voice to speak out about their experiences. The lack of adequaterepresentation and advocacy in the US left women no choice but to speak out forthemselves and help others victims and survivors who have been silences. Theirstand was inspiring and other countries like the United Kingdom , France, etc.mirrored their movements and efforts (Chu 2018, 16). This has been liveryabout the change that governments failed to. Through the strength and globalreach of these movement and fund the rates of sexual harassment and assault canbe significantly lowered. Additionally, the US and the EU would benefit fromimplementing appropriate regulations to conventions, updating and rewritingcurrent law and legislature, setting adequate punishment measures forperpetrators, and nationally recognizing sexual harassment in and out of theworkplace.ReferencesChu,Henry. Times Up apparent movement Ripples across Pond. Variety. 339(1)16. 2018.Clarke,Linda. 2007. Sexual Harassment Law in the United States, the United Kingdomand theEuropean Union Discriminatory Wrongsand Dignitary Harms in common Law WorldReview, Vol. 36.Edge,Abigail. The MeToo Movement Sexual Misconduct Charges Force attention toConfront Itself in The Quill.pp. 22. 2018.EuropeanParliament. How Could CEDAW be Implemented i n the EU Legal Framework? inDirectorate-General for Internal Policies,Citizens Rights and Constitutional Affairs.Frederick,Bob. 2016. The Victims of Sexual Harassment in America. ConnecticutQuinnipiacUniversity.Latcheva, Rossalina. 2017. Sexual Harassment in theEuropean Union A Pervasive but StillHidden Form of Gender-Based military unit in diaryof Interpersonal Violence. ViennaEuropean Union Agency for FundamentalRights.Rodino-Colocino, Michelle. MeToo Countering Cruelty withEmpathy in Communication &Critical/Cultural Studies, pp. 96-100. 2018.Swift,Evangeline W. Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace Trends, Progress,Continuing Challenges. Pennsylvania DIANE Publishing.1996.Thomas,Alison M. political science, Policies and recitation Assessing the Impact of SexualHarassmentPolicies in UK Universities in BritishJournal of Sociology of Education. 2004.Webb,Susan L. Step Forward Sexual Harassment in the Workplace. MasterMediaPublishingCorporation. 1991.Zippel, Kathrin S. The P olitics of Sexual Harassment AComparative Study of the United States,the European Union, and Germany.Cambridge, UK New York Cambridge UniversityPress, 2006.

Green Concept In Local Commercial Complex Environmental Sciences Essay

Green Concept In Local Commercial difficult Environmental Sciences EssayConstruction industry is one of the about chief(prenominal) industries in Malaysia. This is beca riding habit edifice industry has direct or indirect exercise with other 142 industries much(prenominal) as material processing, mining, quarrying, machinery, man causality etc. It plays an substantial role in national economy as government eer manipulate the construction industry to govern the local economy. As prove modernly, the Tenth Malaysia Plans with imagened duration of 5 years (2010-2015) atomic number 18 with whatever infrastructural facilities earmarked for modernisement to expedite the nations reaping. One of the mega projects which the government had launched recently is the Mass rapid Transit (MRT) projects which worth a inwardness approximately RM36.6 billion cover version a 20 kilometers radius sanitary-nigh the Kuala Lumpurs city center impart carry two million passenger-trips per day when completed. Unfortunately, whole the developments and constructions ar the bear down to the infixed ecosystem.Sadly, construction industry is healthy known for its 3Ds which is dirty, dangerous and geting. In the term of dirty, large f are of chase aways both chemical and non-chemical or quilting elopes are produced during the production of structures. Undeniably, landfill is limited and improper waste focal point ordain ca custom serious pollutions to the milieu affecting the health of the locals. Furtherto a greater ex xt, enormous postal code is wasted or loss through with(predicate) the envelope of the constructions. This make ups the workload of the HVAC systems in the grammatical constructions as well as the demand for higher voltaicity spending. As the demand of electrical energy out resultd, the power plants get outing puddle to gene browse more power to cope with the demand. In Malaysia, m any(prenominal) of our power plants are pipe down using combust as a source of power. Burning coal is harmful to the environment. Thus, grammatical constructions with purify envelope and more eco-friendly materials are look ated to bring forward the ca drill talent of our mother nature.Research priming coatIt bay window no long-acting be disputed that the resources of this earth are finite, that its capacity to absorb our wastes is limited, that if we (as a species) postulate to survive, we dejection non continue our ruth little exploitation of the environment (Szokolay, ed. 2008). Mondazzi (2005) stated that the world are true(a)izing these impacts through the loss of open space, the shortage of water supplies, a maturement dependence on capacity and electricity from non-re instinctive qualified resources, the decay of urban centers and ensuant negative health impacts as suburbs continue to sprawl.Global warming is an emerging reappearance of international ch in allenges. The blue jet structure movement has its roots in the push exceptton crisis of the 1970s and the creative approaches to saving faculty that came with it, including the use of spry and passive solar see and tighter grammatical construction envelopes. The rapid harvest commonwealth has cause the rate of development around the globe. This has also serveing the increment in the concentration of common landhouse gases. constructions are virtually of the biggest energy needrs in the world, history for one-quarter to one-third of all energy use and a similar amount of kilobytehouse gas emissions (Wen Hong 2007). The international contribution from buildings towards energy purpose, both residential and commercialisedized, has steadily pro set(p)d reaching figures between 20% and 40% in developed countries, and has exceeded the other major sectors industrial and transportation (LuisPrez-Lombard 2007). From 1971 to 2004, the worlds total concluding energy consumption enlarged 87 percent, with an annual just growth rate of 1.9 percent (Wen Hong 2007). This statistic has brought the worlds attention about the energy crisis. The resolve of carry out this look into is to improve the understanding in conserving energy in buildings.According to Sassi (2006), population growth and the raising of low living standards leave require more resources, produce more waste and incr stand-in the impact on the internal environment. structures have life storyspan of decades. Whatever buildings cosmos built volition always affects the next generations. The rise for climate spay is growing more alarming each year. The exceptionally hot summers such as those of 2003 and 2005 warned experts that the pace of this warming is faster than previously envisaged in their beat out case scenarios (Sue, Davide and Fergus 2009).Problem StatementThe first problem is the nature and use of our existing technology, which is largely in streamlined, outdated, and so far in slightly cases obsolete. In th e linked States alone, the building sector uses non-renewable and environmentally hazardous energy, emits 39 percent of all energy-related one C dioxide, lacks the ability to retain its generated energy long enough to sustain interior(prenominal) air quality levels, and fails in recycling and managing water and waste (Osman 2010). Whereas in Malaysia, construction industry is relying on the cheap orthogonal labours workforce from other countries such as Indonesia, Philippine and Vietnam. This causes the local companies to use foreign labours rather than high tech equipment which will whitethornbe costs more. original Julee (2004, p. 391) stated that others have argued that mere mitigation of environmental impacts is non sustainable, and that new approaches are preferable, for example based on maintenance or even enhancement of ecosystem services. The scientific and technological knowledge base for parking lot building is also limited, which is non surprising given the rec ent origin of the educate (Eric 2010). Xiaoling, Liyin, Yuzhe, Guoyou (2011, p. 36) stated that fiscal cost is usually considered as the critical barriers for real nation developers who are hesitating whether to develop green real estate project or non.The energy aspects of environmental design and construction have been more thoroughly researched than other aspects, such as water saving and reuse, recharging of groundwater, construction runoff control, the use of green building products, and interior(prenominal) environmental quality (e.g., day touchwood, ventilation, low emitting materials, and indoor chemical and pollutant source control) (John 2010). This may tether to the uncertainties that the developers or owners need to take which they may need to undergo some further research to implement green ideal on buildings. convey ObjectivesThe aim of this take is to ascertain the benefits and challenges in implementation of green archetype in local commercial complex an d gamble out the strategic of implementation.The objectives of this study are as follow-To find out the factors which start the owners or developers to implement green conceptTo understand the benefits in implantation of green concept in commercial complexTo understand the challenges in implementation of green concept in commercial complexTo find out the strategic plan to overcome the challenges in implementation of green concept in commercial complexTooutline the implementation plan or strategyof green conceptScope of studyThe orbital cavity of this study is foc utilize on the benefits of implementing green concept in Malaysias commercial complex and the challenges faced by the owners or developers, consultants and contractors in implementing green concept in commercial complex in Malaysia.Research Methodology original dataInterviewInterviews enable to provide detail reading and person-to-person opinion towards particular issues. Interviewees will be selected who are relevant to the research objectives and possess reasonable experience in the field. Series of questions will be asked during interview sessions with the parties who had involved in the construction and operation of commercial complex which include owners or developers, contractors, consultants and commercial complex managers. Questions for interviewees will be specialised and set according to the research aim and objectives.Secondary data publications ReviewLiterature analyze is an important method because it provides wide grade of information and further understanding which is relevant for this research topic in regards of its aim and objectives. The sources of literature review will be from books, articles, journals, thesis, and newspapers. These quite a little be obtained from college library or public library. Other resources may obtain through the World Wide Web which includes emerald database and Wikipedia. This enable the overseas publications and studies can be easily obtained. nearly of the useful data will be cited into this study as references.Chapter Outline of DissertationChapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter includes a background of research, problem statement, aim and objective, and scope of study. In addition, brief research methodology and research plan are also included in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewLiterature review presents a detail review and provides further understanding on the green building. It is usually referred and cited from various sources such as books, articles, journals and online database.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyThis chapter presents the elaborate of methods which have been used to collect data and information to pass the aim and objectives of this study. It also includes the rule for the methodologies used.Chapter 4 Analysis and DiscussionAnalysis of data collected from the methods used in Chapter 3 is done in this chapter. The analysed data will be in the form of chart, histogram or graph with further ex planations.Chapter 5 completion and RecommendationThis chapter concludes the study in accordance with the aim and objectives of this study. Recommendations are make for encouraging future studies which are not completed in this study.ReferencesA list of sources which have been cited and quoted in this study is provided. The referencing format is based on the Harvard referencing system.Figure 1. Research planResearch PlanLiterature ReviewIntroduction westbound North California Green twist Council (2012) defines that green building, or sustainable design, is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water, and materials, and reducing building impacts on human health and the environment over the entire life wheel of the building. It is also known as energy optimisation. Studies carried out by experts and professionals around the world have indicated and proofed that buildings consumed the just about energy equated to other sectors. over the years, the energy consumption has been accessiond drastically. Studies have forecasted that energy consumption will be increased by an alarming percentage. According to Wen Hong, Chiang, Shapiro and Clifford (2007), the worlds concluding energy consumption is expected to increase 1.5 meters from 2004 to 2030. In the develop countries, energy consumption has surged tremendously leading to global energy crisis. Those countries are mostly in South America, Asia, South-East Asia, and Middle-East. There are researches stated that buildings in mainland China are one the most energy consumption in the world. Ksenia Chmutina (2010) stated that energy consumption per building in China is 2-3 metres higher than that of the developed countries with similar climatic conditions and buildings are slight homely as a result of poor thermal proceeding and too little insulation in most of Chinas buildings. In recent years, Asia (including South-East Asia) has the highest economic g rowth in the world but this comes with an unfortunate effect. A research conducted by Wen Hong et al (2007) shows that From 1971 to 2004, the worlds total final energy consumption increased 87 percent, with an annual average growth rate of 1.9 percent. near 43 percent of the total increment was traceable to Asia, where final energy consumption increased 275 percent, with an average annual rate of 4.1 percent, more than twice as fast as the global average.Nowadays, most of the newly constructed commercial buildings are equipped with centralised energy caution system or building automation system. This system controls everything from lightness to HVAC. They unwrap and eliminate waste, and enable the in force(p) use electricity resources (Iwayemi, Wan and Zhou, 2011). With the support of the energy management system, corporations and proprietors are able to save their money by paying less for the electric bills. dexterity management system not only optimises the energy usage b ut it also maintains the comfort of the occupants. vital force management system is an integrated system which manages and controls multiple systems or elements in the buildings such as lifts, lighting, security system, HVAC system etc. Normally, energy management system is made up of a hierarchy structure comprises of 3 levels which are field level, automation level, management level. The lowest level of the hierarchy is the field level which consists of sensors and actuators. These sensors and actuators are basically like ears, eyes and limbs of the system. They whizz and deliver the information to the upper level of hierarchy. The second level will be the automation level which consists of direct digital controllers (DDC). These controllers provide dead-on(prenominal) designated reactions or control according to the building activities using digital devices. The most upper level of the hierarchy is the management system level which is centralised digital controller. This lev el is acts as the brain of the whole system. It receives data and information from the sensors and the actuators, whence process it. After that, the system decides what actions to be taken to facilitate the energy efficient of the whole building. Furthermore, the system not only able to control things but it also stores the data about the electricity consumption of each unit or component as reference for the building owner. It also detects the condition of components and reminds the owner where maintenance is needed for dampen energy efficiency.In providing better built environment, there are some benefits to the occupants. A research conducted by Steemers and Manchanda (2009) shows that low energy design can achieve some of the highest levels of occupant satisfaction provides clear evidence that can make headway building owners and designers to be more confident of strategies and technologies that are more energy efficient. Occupants may tend to work more efficiently and increa se their productivity in the pleasant environment. Excessive artificial lighting may causes glowing glare and illumination as it will disrupts the visual comforts and resulting the occupants have on as well as headache. Thus, maintaining comfortable illumination may helps to disgrace the energy consumption and keeping the health of the occupants.One of the aspects in buildings which can save a substantial amount of energy is the artificial lighting. man-made lighting which consume less energy or electricity great power also tend to reduce agitate shit by the indoor environment. Therefore it helps to reduce the workload of air-conditioning to maintain the indoor air temperature. rough 40 per cent reduction in electricity consumption was achieved afterward the deployment of CFLs which depicts that efficient house lighting with CFLs will conserves significant electric energy for other purposes (Sule, Ajao and Ajimotokan and Garba, 2011). The use of compact fluorescent lamps ( CFLs) that utilize up to 75 per cent less energy or electricity than candent light bulbs, can abide up to ten times bimestrial (Sule et al., 2011). For the equivalent amount of brightness output (lumen), the CFLs consumes 3 to 4 times less energy than candent lamps. CFLs also give-up the g host longer than incandescent light bulbs. The CFLs lifespan is at least 8 times longer than incandescent light bulbs. As a normal CFLs, it will last for six thousands to fifteen thousand hours and incandescent light bulbs only last for seven hundred fifty hours to one thousands hours.Another factor which will affect the energy consumption of buildings will be the management and organisation. Some office buildings and hotels maintain indoor temperatures as low as 18 to 20 degrees centigrade when the comfortable temperature is about 24 degrees centigrade (Chan, 2004). Many of the occupants in those buildings are wearing jackets and using USB heaters to keep them warm. To maintain such low indo or temperature, HVAC system will consumes a lot of energy and needs support maintenance as well. Basically, energy consumed to maintain such low temperature will be just wasted for nothing. Many office buildings do not switch off the HVAC during lunch hour which lowly that the HVAC is operating for the article of furniture but not occupants. Other than HVAC, lighting inside the buildings also takes up a large portion in overall buildings consumption. Many buildings are not designed to optimise the use of natural lighting. Therefore, those buildings need a lot of artificial lighting to illuminate the indoor environment and increase the electricity consumption. In the other hand, large area of the artificial lighting are switched on for just a few occupants in the offices. This smudge is more or less similar to the HVAC system where the energy is consumed for nothing. in spite of how little amount energy needed to operate the HVAC system, it will not able to use the energy efficien tly if the building envelope is not properly insulated. Insufficient airtight building envelope causes the warm or cool air may leak through. This will influence the comfort of occupants and greatly increases the workloads of HVAC system and therefore increases the consumption of energy. High thermal transmittal of the materials used for building envelope will causes the heat transfers from the buildings to the surrounding cause severe heat loss inside the buildings. A research conducted by VanBronkhorst, Persily and Emrnerich (2005) shows that infiltration accounts for roughly 15% of the heating load in all office buildings nationwide, and a higher percentage be recently constructed buildings. Thus, the buildings must be insulated sufficiently and provide good air -tightness to foil the wetting of heat without noticing. However, the thermal insulation of buildings can be improved by using several low thermal conductivity materials such as aerated cover blocks, fiberglass poly urethane and aluminium foil. The windows for most of the buildings in Malaysia are having high thermal transmittance and it is one of the major causes where the heat disperses through the windows. There are methods to be made to solve this problem. The windows can be tinted and double glazed to lower the thermal conductivity of the windows.Building orientation also plays an important role in energy efficient buildings. It affects the energy required for HVAC system. This is because solar radiation will heat up the buildings envelope faster such as walls, doors and windows. This meat that higher solar radiation causes the HVAC system to consume higher energy to maintain the indoor air temperature. Building orientation is act like the natural protection to prevent direct sunlight and solar radiation which will increase the heating rate of building envelope and causes over illumination to the indoor environment. Over illumination will affects the visual comfort of the occupants. As a result, occupants may easily fatigue and suffer from headache. Another reason associated with building orientation will be the ventilation effects which are the natural winds or seasonal winds.The Energy Commission building or the ST infield building in Malaysia is one of the greenest buildings in the world. The sides of the building are 25 tipped from vertical to prevent direct sunlight and excessive sunlight. The tilted and tinted glazing allows comfortable glare free light to be reflected into the building from the landscape. Around 50% of the entire building area is illuminated by daylight. Furthermore, the building is sustainable as it is installed with 1930m2 of photovoltaic solar panels which will produce around 280,000 kWh annually.Issues and barriers on Green BuildingsIn the scene of green concept, there are some arguments and issues relating to health and environment. Some materials used in lamps, such as hydrargyrum, are toxic to the environment and must be handled ca refully. Large amounts of mercury pose serious health risks to neurological disorders and birth defects but with lesser amounts of mercury, it will cause the lamp to fail, reduce the luminance of lamp and shorten the lifespan of the lamp.In designing and constructing the energy efficient buildings, construction costs for the buildings will be much higher compared to the normal buildings. This is because energy efficient or low-energy buildings need better designs and construction methods to increase and control the amount of natural lighting to illuminate into the buildings. In the other hand, low-energy buildings need additional materials or better materials to be built in concerning to reduce the thermal transmittance of the buildings. Developers may not have the capital to build such energy efficient buildings. If they are able to do so, the rental will also increased, and so the costs will just transfer to the occupants or consumers. This will increase the financial burden of t he occupants of the buildings.Many people presume that the green building is ineluctably costs more or less profitable compare to normal building. Halliday (2008) stated that it is also reasonable to assume that the innovation requited has a cost implication of time, planning, risk and enhanced information requirements, so inevitably innovators will be penalise and their profit margins reduced when put in direct competition with non-eco-friendly building.Developers and owners will always consider and look into the details in implementing new green technology. Uncertainties in new technology may hold back the implementation of the technology. Duda (2009) stated that overall the largest barrier set about the implementation of green facades is perceived financial risk associated with event beyond the control of the owner or unexpected due to lack of examples and research. This means that we may need more local green buildings as evidence to convince local developers or owners and als o as guideline for them.Lastly, there is lack of policy and standards for green building. Policy makers often wait until something inapplicable or catastrophic happens before we implement controls and policy to resolve the issue (Duda, 2009). In Malaysia, we are having this problem too. We have GBI to evaluate green building but we dont have a specific policy and standards to govern the green building. There is Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) for normal building construction but there are no green building codes or standards in Malaysia. Without these standards and policy, developers and owners are not bound to comply them.Government Initiatives in MalaysiaIn Malaysia, government had firstly built the low-energy office building (MECW, Putrajaya) in 2001 with integrated energy efficient design and showcased the building to illustrate the benefits of it to the public. The MECW building saves RM600,000 per annum in electric bill. Normal buildings consume around 250 kWh/m2 every year p iece MECW building only consumes 114 kWh/m2 every year. Malaysias government also built the Energy Commission Building in 2005. This building has a unique infield shape which is purposely designed for reducing the thermal heat gain from sunlight. The sides of the building are 25 degree tilted from vertical to prevent excessive solar radiation and sunlight shine into the building. The tilted and tinted glazing allows comfortable glare free light to be reflected into the building from the surrounding landscape.The administration in Malaysia are proposing regulations and policies on the effort of energy efficient in Malaysias construction industry to improve the surrounding environment and reduce the demand growth rate of electricity. The regulations and policies will not only benefit the environment but the nation economics as well. With the reduced demand growth rate of electricity, the government does not need to build more power stations and facing time constraints on the develop ment of sustainable energy. aim Green BuildingHaving a green building, it must be well designed in term of sustainability and environmentally friendly. Designing a green building is not an easy task. It need to consider the elements and components which will help to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption such materials used, the life speech rhythm of the building and the natural lighting. These elements and components are the key ingredients for a green and sustainable building. Generally, the green building designers must consider the following 3 principles-Connectivity design to reinforce the relationship between the project, the site, the community, and the ecology. Make minimal changes to the natural functioning. Reinforce and steward those natural characteristics specific to the place (Williams, 2007).Indigenous design with and for what has been resident and sustainable on the site for centuries (Williams, 2007).Long life, loose fit design for future generations wh ile reflecting past generations (Williams, 2007).Materials used for green building must be of low carbon footprint during its manufacturing process and throughout its whole life cycle. Designers should take into consideration that the sizes and shapes of the materials or components to be used. This is because the gaffe and operations on the site may affect the wastages of the materials. As the wastages reduced, the construction costs also reduced and cabbage will increase.With the current computer modelling technology, Building Information Modelling or BIM, Autodesks Ecotect and Green Building Studio are now gaining popularity around the globe to help the designers in carbon assessment of the buildings. This would promote the green concept designs to be a more consistently meet the target of the owners without over-design or under-design.It is recommended to divert the buildings into components and modules, then manufacture it offsite. This is also known as prefabrication. Curren tly in Malaysia, manufacturing of buildings components offsite is get more and more popular, especially in city area such as Kuala Lumpur and Penang. This is because delivery of cover from cities outskirt has a time limitation. If the concrete trucks stuck in a traffic jam more than the permissible duration, the concrete will harden. Furthermore, prefabrication can improve quality, reduce wastage and reduce construction costs. Components and modules construct in factories have high consistency in size and ease the quality checking process. Repetitive components and modules with high consistency of size simply mean that the factories will arrange the cuttings or moulding and allocate their resources more effectively, so that the wastage is minimal. In addition, prefabrication also reduces the construction activities and time on project site. With shorter time on site, it also reduces the exposure of incomplete works to the weather. This may in reality helps to slow down the corro sions of building materials such as steel prohibit and paint. Hence, it reduces the probability of rejected works and redo of works which will increase the costs of construction and wastages.Why buildings need to be green?In economic point of view, energy efficiency is defined as the ability to generate the same economic output with less energy stimulation (The Aspen Institute, 2009). In conjunction, it also conserves the environment by reducing the carbon footprint caused by conventional energy production. There are some undeniable benefits which the green buildings can provide, which are-Enhance biodiversity not use materials form threatened species or environments and improve natural habitats where possible through appropriate planting and water use (Halliday, 2008).Reduce wastages not consume a disproportionate amount of resources, including money and land during material sourcing, construction, use of use or disposal not cause unnecessary waste of energy, water or materials due to short life, poor design, inefficiency, or less than ideal construction and manufacturing procedures. Buildings have to be affordable, manageable and maintainable in use (Halliday, 2008).Minimise pollution create minimum dependence on polluting products and materials, management practices, energy, power and forms of transport (Halliday, 2008).Create healthy environments enhance living, leisure and work environments and not endanger the health of the builders or occupants, or any other parties, through exposure to pollutants, the use of toxic materials or providing host environments to harmful organisms (Halliday, 2008).Reduce operating costs as the building is well design in term of building tightness and use of natural lighting, it would actually help to reduce the amount of the electric bills.Green buildings not only bring benefits to the environment but also the financial profits as well as the health and comfort of the occupants. In the context of oil price hiking, coun tries and corporations should be more concern about their financial and economical profitability, for instance it also slows down the electricity demand growth and the global warming effect.CUsersShingDocumentsAssignment (adv. diploma)Project DissertationAttachmentsIMG_0286.JPG(Source Halliday, 2008, Sustainable Construction, adopted from Shorrock and Henderson, 1990)Figure 2. potential drop reduction in CO2Factors which drive the Green BuildingHiking of energy priceIn these recent years, global oil price is volatile. As the worlds demand on energy is keep increasing, the supply will bring to pass more sacred and the prices to produce energy will also go up. This is because the energy industry will need more resources, bigger plants and better equipment to produce more power. In Malaysia, energy generation is still relying a lot on non-renewable resources which are fossil fuel, natural gas, coal, and petroleum. These resources are subjected to global economy effects which mean the prices fluctuate as the global prices. Undeniably, the electricity costs in most countries also fluctuate over time as these resources prices.CUsersShingDocumentsAssignment (adv. diploma)Project DissertationAttachmentsMsia energy production.jpg(Source IEA, 2011)Figure 2. Energy production in MalaysiaHigher market value and cost effectiveThere are numbers of studies were carried out regarding the value of green buildings. Czech Green Building Council (CZGBC, 2012) stated that commercial building with environmental certification in the UK is interchange at about 38 % higher price than a similar non-sustainable building. Other studies from Germany and Switzerland show that a house or apartment in a high energy standard or with certification can be sold in the market by up to 17 % higher price than a conventional project (CZGBC, 2012).In conjunction, unify State Green Building Council (USBGC, 2011) also stated that building sales agreement prices for energy efficient buildings are as much as 10% higher per square foot than conventional buildings. An upfront investment of 2% in green building design, on average, results in life cycle savings of 20% of the total construction costs more than ten times the initial investment (USBGC, 2011).Furthermore, tenants who choose to rent the green commercial buildings have their own reasons. The following figure shows the reasons and statistics.Sour

Nature Themes in Hurston’s Novels, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Ser

Nature Themes in Hurstons Novels, Their eyeball Were Watching God and Seraph on the SuwaneeNature themes resound passim Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and Seraph on the Suwanee. Perhaps dickens of the most notable instances where the lush Florida photory augments the novels plot lines are the corner scenes, in which Janie kisses Johnny Taylor beneath the pear tree in Their Eyes Were Watching God (p. 10-12) and Arvey loses her virginity to Jim beneath the mulberry tree in Seraph on the Suwanee (p. 37 & pp. 50-53). Close readings of the two passages reveal sexually charged language. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, the pear trees barren embrown stems and the snowy virginity of bloom are referenced, possibly emphasizing Janies naivet in her dealings with love and passion (she sees no harm in the kiss, slice her grandmother views it as an omen of Janies soon-to-be-lost innocence) and Janies own unfitness to have children, regardless of any sexual awakening she may experienc e. The scene is also rife with mentions of the pollinating bees, a symbol of fertility. Jani...