Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an Organization

Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an OrganizationQ. (a) how do individual discordences and environmental factors influence homo behavior in an government? Justify your answer with examples.(b) A manufacturing comp wholly making automotive split finds that workers working on the conclave line wee poor attendance, open for home early and argon gener wholey unproductive. They argon in force(p)y organised and resist any attempts by anxiety to discipline them. If you ar the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative focus and quality circles.organisational BehaviourIs a field of study which explores the meeting that individuals, groups and structures have on doings within organic laws for the purpose of applying such intimacy towards improving organizations effectiveness.Importance of Organization behaviourOB is going to develop the cause-and effect relationship to modify behavio ur for organisational involve. Here no two benignant macrocosms will behave in an identical manner. OB seeds to explore certain consistencies in behaviour, in order to promote a rational pick uping of behaviour and some degree of predictability.Approaches in Organizational BehaviourFactors Influencing adult male BehaviorIn order to address pitying factors in workplace condom settings, mickles capabilities and limitations must first be understood. The current working environment is very different to the settings that mankinds have evolved to circle with. The fol deplorableing human characteristics that loafer lead to difficulties interacting with the working environment.Attention -The innovative workplace can overload human attention with enormous amounts of in organisation, further in excess of that encountered in the natural world. The way in which we collar information can help reduce demands on our attention, but can some clock create further problemsPerception -In order to interact safely with the world, we must correctly perceive it and the dangers it holds. represent environments often ch every(prenominal)enge human comprehension systems and information can be misinterpreted.Memory -Our capacity for remembering things and the methods we impose upon ourselves to access information often put undue pressing on us. Increasing knowledge nigh a subject or process all in allows us to retain more information relating to it.Logical ratiocination -Failures in reasoning and decision making can have dread(a) implications for complex systems such as chemical plants, and for tasks like maintenance and planning.Environmental, organizational and chore factors, in brief, influence the behavior at work in a way which can affect health and safety. A ingenuous way to view human factors is to think slightly three aspects the individual, the job and the organization and their impact on peoples health and safety-related behavior.Following figures show s that all three ar interlinked and have mutual influenceThe typical examples of flying causes and contributing factors for human failures ar given to a lower placeIndividual factorslow skill and competence traintired staffbored or disheartened staffindividual medical problemsJob factorsillogical be after of equipment and instrumentsconstant disturbances and interruptionsmissing or unclear instructionspoorly well-kept equipment naughty workloadnoisy and unpleasant working conditionsOrganisation and management factorspoor work planning, leading to high work pressure drop of safety systems and barriersin becoming responses to previous incidentmanagement based on mavin-way colloquysdeficient co-ordination and responsibilitiespoor management of health and safetyPoor health and safety culture.It is concluded that the performance of human is being strongly influenced by organizational, regulatory, cultural and environmental factors affecting the workplace.For example, organization al processes defecate the breeding grounds for many predictable human errors, including inadequate communication facilities, ambiguous procedures, unsatisfactory scheduling, insufficient resources, and unrealistic budgeting in fact, all processes that the organization can control.What is Perception?How we view and interpret the events and situations in the world about us.FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTIONPerception is influenced by mainly three sets of factorsi) Factors in the observer ( commentator variables)ii) Factors in the target (subject characteristics)iii) Factors in the situation (situational variables).Factors in the perceiver let in following issuesSelf-concept of the perceiverAttitudes of the perceiver causes of the perceiverInterests of the perceiverExperience of the perceiverExpectations of the perceiver.Factors in the target include following issuesPhysical appearanceverbal and Nonverbal CommunicationStatusOccupationsPersonal characteristicsNovelty of the target executi on of the targetSounds of the targetSize of the targetBackground of the targetFactors in the situation include following issuesSocial contextOrganisational roleWork settingLocation of eventTime.Collectively, these three sets of factors determine our perceptions about some otherwises.(b)A manufacturing company making automotive parts finds that workers working on the assembly line have poor attendance, leave for home early and be generally unproductive. They atomic number 18 fully unionized and resist any attempts by management to discipline them. If you are the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative management and quality circles. motiveMotivationThe process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of efforts towards attaining a goal. demand + Droves + IncentivesTypes of motives uncreated motivesSome motives are un learned physiologically based such motives are terme d as physiological, biological, un learned or primary motives.Ex Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, Sex, Avoidance of Pain, maternal ConcernGeneral MotivesNumber of motives, which can neither, be classified as primary, or secondary that can be referred to as general motives. Motive must be unlearned but non physiologically oriented.Ex Curiosity, Manipulations, Activity Motives, Affection motives, Love, Concern, Feelings.Secondary MotivesQuite a few Copernican human motives fall in this category. The important motives of Power, achievement, and affiliation are all secondary motives. leadLeadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group towards, the attainment of pre-determined goals.Traditional Theories of LeadershipTrait TheoriesDifferentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on individual(prenominal) qualities and characteristicsExtraversion has strongest relation to leadershipConscientiousness and Openness to Experience in like manner strongly related to leadershipAgreeabl eness and Emotional Stability are not correlated with leadership.Behavioral TheoriesBehaviors can be taught traits cannotLeaders are trained not bornMaslows Need HierarchySelfactualization Needs egoism NeedsSocial Needs or Belonging and love and partiality call forSecurity NeedsPhysiological Need or grassroots NeedsAccording to Maslow, certain concepts are relevant for understanding the ineluctably. They are pre-potency, deprivation, domination, gratification and activation. Pre-potency is the strength associated with the require.Physiological ineluctably have greater pre-potency. lack is the perception of an obstacle for satisfaction of a necessity. Thus, deprived postulate has high pre-potency. Domination is attaching importance to a need. A deprived need dominates the individual. In order to reduce dissonance associated with the deprivation, individuals try to gratify by labor some action. Therefore, gratification is the satisfaction of the need. Gratified need does n ot dominate. At the end, activation of need determine motivation. Need satisfaction activates the needfully from one level to next higher levels. Maslow believes that these repeat as a round of drinks until the highest level need is meet. Based on the concept Maslow identified basketball team categories of needs and their role in motivating individuals. They are described below1) Physiological NeedsBasic and primary needs necessary for human existence are physiological needs. They relate to biological and are required for preservation of basic human aliveness. These needs are Identified to the human organ in the body. They are finite needs. They must be satisfied repeatedly until human beings die. They are not associated with money alone. They are hunger, thirst, sleep, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. The proposition relating to the basic needs is that they are primary motivators to any individual and once they are satisfied, they no longer motivate. The next level need becomes important for satisfaction until the basic need is dormant. Provision of adequate monetary pays to satisfy these needs motivate employees in organisations.2) Safety NeedsIndividuals seek protection from natural environment, biological danger, economic deprivation and unrestrained threat from other beings and animals. For this purpose, he wishes security for himself. The protection may be in the form of seeking a shelter and forming into primary groups to engagement threat from the natural beings. The motivational proposition are that the safety needs dominate as soon as physiological needs are satisfied, and after individual seeks to satisfy fairly the security needs they do not motivate him. In order to motivate employees, organisations provide bash benefits, health and accident insurance, housing loans, etc.3) Social Needsfundamentally individual is a social being. He cannot live in closing off and silence. Thus, he intends to establish relationship with other human b eings and some times wish to rear animals. Social needs emerge from the basic draw of individuals to associate, belong with others, make friendship, make companionship, desire to be accepted by others and seek affection. These needs are secondary in character. The propositions relating to social needs are that these needs are satisfied by symbolic behaviour and through physic and psychic contact with others in the society. They are intimately infinite and exist until the end of human life. Organisations should provide scope for formation of informal groups, encourage working in teams, and provide scope for interpersonal communication, interpersonal relationships and interpersonal understanding to motivate employees.4) Esteem NeedsMaslow believes that people seek growth. They have natural desire to be identified and see by others. This instinct is called as toy with. Esteem needs are associated with self- adore and esteem from others. The need for power, self respect, autonomy, s elf confidence, achievement, recognition of competence, knowledge, desire to have freedom, status and secure attention of others, appreciation are some of the esteem needs individual wishes to satisfy. Maslow identified them, as higher order needs. The nature of esteem needs is that they are dormant until basic, security and social needs are fairly satisfied. Satisfaction of esteem needs defecate a feeling of self-confidence, strength, capability and adequacy in the individuals.5) Self-actualization NeedsSelf-actualization is transformation of perception and dream into reality. Individuals have inner potential to do something different from others. Realising the full inner potential, one wishes to become what he is capable of becoming. Attaining to the level of issue of selfactualization needs is a difficult task as individuals are not clear about their inner potentials until an opportunity is perceived. Moreover these needs reassign with a change in human life. The intensity of self-actualization changes over life cycle, vary from person to person and environment.The following propositions are made about the motivation of individuals based on the Maslow hierarchy of needs.i) Five needs are classified into lower order needs and higher order needs. patch physiological, safety and security needs are lower order needs, esteem and self actualization needs are higher order needs.ii) lower berth order needs are satisfied externally and higher needs are satisfied internally.iii) Individuals start satisfying lower order needs first and proceed to satisfy higher order needs later.iv) No need is fully satisfied during the life period of individuals. A need easily satisfied no longer motivates.v) A need when substantially satisfied produces satisfaction and it becomes dormant. Immediately the next level need becomes active. So Individual is continuously motivated to satisfy unsatisfied needs. So, motivation is a continuous process.vi) Satisfaction of lower order ne eds does not produce contentment. In fact, they produce discontentment to satisfy other needs.vii) Not all individuals have the same priority to satisfy the needs. Priorities differ from unsophisticated to country and from situation to situation.viii) Individuals are aggressive in the satisfaction of basic needs and unconsciousness demands the satisfaction. However, they use social consciousness in the satisfaction of other needs.Maslows need hierarchy theory of motivation was considered logical and simple to understand human motivation. The theory has received attention of practicing managers as they feel that appointment of needs of employees provides an insight to motivate them. This theory suggested that giving same reward more than individuals desire will have diminishing marginal utility. This has particular significance to the practicing manager.Leadership Human BehaviorAs a leader, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others whose support you nee d in order to accomplish your goals. To ca-ca their support, you must be able to understand and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, you must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature.Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators.Characteristics of self-actualizing peopleHave better perceptions of reality and are well-fixed with it.Accept themselves and their own natures.Lack of artificiality.They focus on problems outside themselves and are concerned with basic issues and eternal questions.They like privacy and tend to be detached.Rely on their own development and continued growth.